Fungal infections on the scalp are caused by various types of fungi called dermatophytes. These infections can affect the scalp and hair follicles, leading to symptoms such as itching, redness, scaling, hair loss, and sometimes pustules or sores.

 Here's an overview of fungal scalp infections:

• Tinea capitis: This is the most common type of fungal scalp infection. It can cause hair loss, itching, scaling, and sometimes pustules or sores on the scalp.

• Seborrheic dermatitis: While not always caused by a fungal infection, seborrheic dermatitis can involve a fungal component. It causes red, scaly patches on the scalp, and can be accompanied by itching and flaking, similar to dandruff.

• Piedra: Piedra is a fungal infection that causes nodules to form on the hair shaft. There are two types of piedra: black piedra, caused by the fungus Piedraia hortae, and white piedra, caused by the fungus Trichosporon spp.

Causes: 

Dermatophyte fungi typically cause fungal scalp infections. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments, which is why they are more common in areas with high humidity. Fungal scalp infections can be spread through direct contact with an infected person or contaminated objects.

Symptoms: 

Symptoms of fungal scalp infections can include:

• Itching
• Redness
• Scaling
• Hair loss
• Pustules or sores (in severe cases)
• Nodules on the hair shaft (in piedra)

Treatment 

Treatment for fungal infections on the scalp typically entails antifungal medications. The specific treatment plan may vary based on the infection's severity and the fungus type. Common treatments include:

• Antifungal shampoos: Medicated shampoos that contain antifungal agents like ketoconazole, selenium sulfide, or ciclopirox are commonly employed to manage fungal scalp infections. These shampoos are used consistently over several weeks to combat the fungus.

• Topical antifungal creams: If the infection is severe or widespread, a physician may recommend an antifungal cream or ointment to be applied directly to the affected areas of the scalp.

• Oral antifungal medications: In cases of severe or persistent infections, oral antifungal medications like griseofulvin, terbinafine, or itraconazole may be prescribed. These medications are ingested and are usually taken for several weeks to months.

• Steroid creams or ointments: A doctor may sometimes prescribe a steroid cream or ointment to help reduce inflammation and itching associated with the infection.

Seeking medical advice is crucial for the proper diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections on the scalp. These infections can be persistent and may necessitate long-term treatment for complete resolution.